The Constitution of Niue 

CONTENTS

PART I

The Executive Government of Niue 

1 Executive authority vested in the Crown The Cabinet

2 Cabinet of Ministers of Niue

3 Ministers to be collectively responsible

4 Premier of Niue

5 Appointment of Ministers after election of Premier

6 Vote of conﬁdence in Cabinet

7 Vacation of ofﬁce by Ministers

8 Temporary Ministers

9 Acting Premier

10 Ofﬁcial oath

11 Allocation of responsibilities to Ministers

12 Meetings of Cabinet

13 Rules, other enactments, and decisions of Cabinet

14 Clerk of the Cabinet

15 The seal of Niue

PART II

 The Legislative Government of Niue 

16 Niue Assembly

17 Nationality and residential qualiﬁcations

18 Public servants may become candidates or be elected

19 Members disqualiﬁed from becoming public servants

21 Members to take Oath of Allegiance

22 Procedure of Niue Assembly

23 Languages

24 Privileges of Niue Assembly and its members

25 Remuneration of Premier, other Ministers, other members of the Niue Assembly, and the Speaker

26 Dissolution of Niue Assembly

27 Clerk of the Niue Assembly

28 The making of laws

29 Introduction of Bills, etc, into Niue Assembly

30 Restrictions with regard to ﬁnancial measures

31 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting the criminal law or personal status

32 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting the Niue Public Service

33 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting Niuean land

34 When Bills become law

35 Power of the Niue Assembly to amend this Constitution

36 New Zealand Parliament not to legislate for Niue, and New Zealand subordinate legislation not to apply to Niue, except with consent

PART III

 The Judiciary

37 High Court Established

38 Judges and Commissioners of the High Court

39 Jurisdiction of Commissioners of the High Court

40 The Land Court of Niue

41 Judges and Commissioners of the Land Court

42 Jurisdiction of Commissioners of the Land Court

43 The Land Appellate Court of Niue

44 Judges of the Land Appellate Court

45 Appointment, tenure of ofﬁce, and salaries of judges

46 Tenure of ofﬁce of Judges and Commissioners

47 Temporary Judges and Commissioners

48 Acting Chief Justice of the High Court and Acting Chief Judge of the Land Court

49 Removal of Judges and Commissioners from ofﬁce

50 Salaries of Judges and Commissioners

51 Appeals from the High Court

52 Transmission of order of Court of Appeal on appeal

53 Justices of the Peace

54 Oath of allegiance and judicial oath

55 Comment by Chief Justice on certain bills

PART IV

 The Public Revenues of Niue

56 Legislative control of public revenue and expenditure

57 Niue Government Account

58 Annual estimates and appropriations

59 Cabinet to supervise expenditure

60 Audit

PART V

Health, Education, and Other Social Services

61 Health, education, and other social services

PART VI

 The Niue Public Service

62 Niue Public Service

63 Secretary to the Government Niue Public Service Commission

65 Acting members of Commission

66 Procedure of Commission

67 Delegation of powers

68 Management of Niue public service

69 Appointments to Niue Public Service

70 Reports and recommendations to assembly

PART VII

 Transitional Provisions

71 Existing law to continue

72 Premier and Cabinet

73 Niue Assembly

74 The High Court

75 The Land Court

76 The Land Appellate Court

77 Appeals from High Court

78 Justices of the Peace

79 Public revenues

80 The Niue Public Service

81 Seal of Niue

PART VIII

 Interpretation

82 Interpretation

PART I 

The Executive Government of Niue

1 Executive authority vested in the Crown

The executive authority of Niue is vested in Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand, and the GovernorGeneral of New Zealand is accordingly the representative of Her Majesty the Queen in relation to Niue. 

2 Cabinet of Ministers of Niue

(1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers of Niue (hereinafter re ferred to as the Cabinet) which shall consist of the Premier of Niue (who shall be a member of the Niue Assembly) and 3 other members of the Niue Assembly.

(2) Subject to this Constitution, the executive authority of Niue may be exercised on behalf of Her Majesty by the Cabinet, which shall have the general direction and control of the ex ecutive government of Niue, and shall have such other func tions and powers as are conferred on it by law.

3 Ministers to be collectively responsible

(1) The members of the Cabinet (hereinafter referred to as Minis ters) shall be collectively responsible to the Niue Assembly.

(2) Subject to Article 7 of this Constitution, the Ministers shall continue in ofﬁce until their successors are appointed pursuant to Article 5(2) of this Constitution.

4 Premier of Niue

(1) There shall be a Premier of Niue, who shall be elected to that ofﬁce by an absolute majority of the members present and vot ing at a meeting of the Niue Assembly.

(2) The Niue Assembly shall proceed to elect the Premier at the ﬁrst meeting of the Assembly after a general election, and also in each of the following circumstances:

(a) If the Premier ceases to be a member of the Assembly for any reason other than the dissolution thereof; or

(b) If the Premier tenders his resignation by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker or is deemed to have tendered his resignation pursuant to Article 6(3) or Art icle 7(3) of this Constitution.

5 Appointment of Ministers after election of Premier

(1) As soon as practicable after his election to that ofﬁce, the Pre mier elect shall nominate to the Speaker, with their consent, 3 other members of the Niue Assembly for appointment as Ministers.

(2) Upon receiving those nominations, the Speaker shall appoint as Ministers the Premier elect and the members so nominated.

(3) Appointments under subclause (2) of this Article shall be made by the Speaker by instrument under the Seal of Niue.

(4) If the Premier elect has not within 7 days after but excluding the date of his election to that ofﬁce submitted to the Speaker his nominations for appointments to the Cabinet pursuant to this Article, his election to that ofﬁce shall have no effect, and, subject to Article 26(1)(d) of this Constitution, a meeting of the Niue Assembly shall be held as soon as practicable for the purpose of again electing a Premier.

6 Vote of conﬁdence in Cabinet

(1) At any meeting of the Niue Assembly—

(a) The Premier, or another Minister acting on behalf of the Premier, may give notice of his intention to move a vote of conﬁdence in the Cabinet, either generally or on any measure proposed by the Cabinet for adoption by the Assembly:

(b) Any 4 or more members of the Assembly who are not Ministers may give notice of their intention to move a vote of no conﬁdence in the Cabinet.

(2) Any motion of which notice is given under subclause (1) of this Article shall be voted on at a meeting of the Niue Assem bly held not earlier than 5 days nor later than 10 days after but excluding the date of the giving of the notice.

(3) If the motion of conﬁdence is lost, or, as the case may be, the motion of no conﬁdence is carried, the Premier shall be deemed to have tendered his resignation from his ofﬁce at the expiration of 5 days after but excluding the date of the meet ing of the Niue Assembly, unless before the expiration of that period he requests the Speaker to dissolve the Assembly.

7 Vacation of ofﬁce by Ministers

(1) Any Minister, other than the Premier, shall vacate his ofﬁce if—

(a) His appointment to that ofﬁce is revoked by the Speaker, acting on the request of the Premier, by in strument under the Seal of Niue; or

(b) He ceases to be a member of the Niue Assembly for any reason other than the dissolution thereof; or

(c) He resigns his ofﬁce by writing under his hand delivered to the Speaker.

(2) Within 7 days after the occurrence of any vacancy in the ofﬁce of Minister, other than the Premier, the Premier shall nominate to the Speaker, with the consent of the member, a member of the Niue Assembly for appointment as a Minister, and the Speaker shall by instrument under the Seal of Niue appoint the member so nominated.

(3) If the Premier does not, within 7 days after but excluding the date of the occurrence of a vacancy in the ofﬁce of a Minister, other than the Premier, nominate a Minister pursuant to sub clause (2) of this Article, he shall be deemed to have tendered his resignation from his ofﬁce as Premier at the expiration of that period of 7 days.

8 Temporary Ministers

(1) Whenever it appears to the Premier that any Minister will, by reason of illness or absence from Niue, be unable to dis charge his functions in Niue for a period of 7 days or longer, the Premier shall nominate to the Speaker, with the consent of the member, a member of the Niue Assembly for appointment as a temporary Minister, and the Speaker shall, by instrument under the Seal of Niue, appoint that member accordingly.

(2) Every such temporary Minister shall be appointed in place of the Minister who is unable to discharge his functions in Niue, and, subject to subclause (3) of this Article, shall hold ofﬁce, as if he had been appointed under Article 5 of this Constitution.

(3) Every such temporary Minister, unless he sooner vacates his ofﬁce pursuant to Article 7 of this Constitution, shall remain in ofﬁce until the Minister in whose place he is appointed is again able to discharge his functions in Niue.

9 Acting Premier

(1) Whenever, by reason of illness or absence from Niue, the Pre mier is temporarily prevented from discharging his functions in Niue, the Speaker, acting on the request of the Cabinet, may, by instrument under the Seal of Niue, appoint another Minis ter to discharge the functions of Premier until such time as the Premier is capable of again discharging his functions or has vacated his ofﬁce.

(2) Where the Premier dies or tenders his resignation to the Speaker after a dissolution of the Niue Assembly and before the appointment of the Ministers after the general election following that dissolution, the Speaker, acting on the request of the Cabinet, shall, by instrument under the Seal of Niue, appoint another Minister to discharge the functions of Premier until the Ministers are appointed after that general election.

10 Ofﬁcial oath

Every Minister shall, before assuming the functions of his of ﬁce, take and subscribe before the Speaker the following oath: I,........... , being chosen and accepted as Premier of Niue (or

a Minister), swear by Almighty God that I will to the best of

my judgment, at all times when thereto required, freely give my counsel and advice for the good management of the affairs of Niue, and that I will not directly or indirectly reveal such matters as may be debated in the Cabinet or any committee of the Cabinet and committed to my secrecy, but that I will in all such things be a true and faithful Premier of Niue (or Minister). So help me God.

11 Allocation of responsibilities to Ministers

(1) The Premier shall from time to time, by writing under his hand countersigned by the Clerk of the Cabinet and published in the Niue Gazette, allocate to any Minister (including himself) the primary responsibility for any Department or function of Government, and may from time to time in like manner vary any such allocation.

(2) The Premier shall have the primary responsibility for any De partment or function of Government in respect of which, for the time being, no allocation under subclause (1) of this Art icle is in effect.

12 Meetings of Cabinet

(1) No business shall be transacted at any meeting of the Cabinet unless at least 3 Ministers are present.

(2) The Cabinet shall not be disqualiﬁed for the transaction of business by reason only that there is a vacancy among its mem bers, or that, in any case where Article 8 of this Constitution applies, no appointment has been made pursuant to that Art icle. No proceedings of the Cabinet shall be questioned on the ground that some person who acted as a Minister in relation to those proceedings was not qualiﬁed so to act.

(3) Notice of every meeting of the Cabinet and a copy of every paper to be considered at that meeting shall be given to each Minister, and to the Secretary to the Government.

(4) The Secretary to the Government shall have the right to attend any meeting of the Cabinet and to speak on any matter under consideration by the Cabinet, and he shall so attend if required to do so by the Premier.

(5) The decision of the Cabinet on any matter shall be taken only by the Ministers present at a meeting of the Cabinet.

(6) Subject to this Article, the Cabinet shall regulate its own pro cedure in such manner as it thinks ﬁt.

13 Rules, other enactments, and decisions of Cabinet

Any rule or other enactment of the Cabinet shall have effect, and any other decision of the Cabinet shall be duly authenti cated, when that rule or other enactment, or the record of that decision, has been signed by the Premier, whether or not he was present at the meeting of the Cabinet at which the rule or other enactment or decision was made, and by the Clerk of the Cabinet.

14 Clerk of the Cabinet

There shall be an ofﬁcer of the Niue Public Service to be called the Clerk of the Cabinet, who shall be responsible for arran ging the business for, and keeping the minutes of, meetings of the Cabinet, and for conveying decisions of the Cabinet to the appropriate person or authority, and shall perform with respect to the Cabinet such secretarial and other functions as may be required.

PART II

The Legislative Government of Niue

15 Seal of Niue

(1) There shall be a Public Seal of Niue (in this Constitution re ferred to as the Seal of Niue), to be in such form or forms as the Cabinet from time to time approves.

(2) The Seal of Niue shall be in the custody of the Speaker.

(3) The Seal of Niue may be used by the Speaker for the authen tication of any public document in relation to the Government of Niue or for the execution of any document required by law to be executed under the Seal of Niue.

(4) Judicial notice shall be taken of the Seal of Niue in all Courts.

16 Niue Assembly

(1) There shall be in and for Niue a legislative Assembly to be called the Niue Assembly.

(2) The Niue Assembly shall consist of—

(a) The Speaker; and

(b) Twenty members to be elected by secret ballot under a system of universal suffrage in the following manner:

(i) Fourteen members, each of whom shall repre sent a village constituency, shall be elected by the electors of that constituency:

(ii) Six members shall be elected by the persons qual iﬁed to be electors of Niue voting on a com mon roll, which, for the purpose of electing those members, shall comprise the rolls of the several village constituencies.

(3) Subject to this Article and to Articles 17, 18, 19, 24, and 25 of this Constitution, the boundaries of village constituencies, the qualiﬁcations and disqualiﬁcation of electors and of candi dates, the mode of electing members of the Niue Assembly, and the terms and conditions of their membership shall be as prescribed by law:

Provided that—

(a) There shall be 14 village constituencies; and

(b) Every person qualiﬁed to be an elector for the election of members of the Niue Assembly shall be entitled to vote in one, and one only, village constituency; and

(c) Any determination or redetermination of the boundaries of any village constituency shall, so far as practicable, having due regard to local community interest, be made in accordance with the principle that the number of electors in that village constituency should not be substantially greater or smaller than the number of electors in any other village constituency.

(4) Unless the context otherwise requires, every reference in this Constitution to a member of the Niue Assembly shall be con strued as a reference to a member elected pursuant to subclause (2)(b) of this Article, and shall, in any case where the Assem bly has been dissolved, be read as a reference to a person who was a member of the Assembly immediately before that dissolution.

17 Nationality and residential qualiﬁcations of electors and candidates

(1) Without limiting the provisions of any law prescribing any additional qualiﬁcations, a person shall be qualiﬁed to be an elector for the election of members of the Niue Assembly, or to be a candidate at any such election, if, and only if,—

(a) He is a New Zealand citizen; and

(b) He has been ordinarily resident in Niue throughout the period of 3 months immediately preceding his application for enrolment as an elector or, as the case may be, his nomination as a candidate, and has at some period resided continuously in Niue for not less than 12 months.

(2) For the purposes of this Article, a person shall be deemed to be ordinarily resident in Niue if, and only if,—

(a) He is actually residing in Niue; or

(b) Having been actually resident in Niue with the intention of residing there indeﬁnitely, he is outside Niue but has, and has had ever since he left Niue, an intention to return and reside there indeﬁnitely:

Provided that any person who has been outside Niue continu ously for any period of more than 3 years shall be deemed not to have such an intention, unless during the whole or substan tially the whole period of that absence he was undergoing a course of education or of technical training or instruction, or was in the service of the Government of Niue.

18 Public servants may become candidates or be elected

(1) Employees of the Niue Public Service who become candidates for election as members of the Niue Assembly shall be granted leave of absence for the purposes of their candidature in ac cordance with such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by law.

(2) If any such employee is elected as a member of the Assembly, he shall, on being declared so elected, be deemed to have been granted leave of absence without salary from his employment in the Niue Public Service for the period during which he is a member.

19 Members disqualiﬁed from becoming public servants or interested in Government contracts

The seat of any member of the Niue Assembly shall become vacant—

(a) If he becomes an employee of the Niue Public Service, or, being an employee of that Service at the time of his election, he accepts paid employment in that Service; or

(b) If he otherwise becomes interested in the execution or enjoyment of any contract under which any public money is payable, except to such extent as may be permitted by law.

20 Speaker of Niue Assembly

(1) The Speaker of the Niue Assembly shall be elected to that of ﬁce by an absolute majority of the members present and voting at a meeting of the Niue Assembly.

(2) Only a person who is qualiﬁed for election as a member of the Niue Assembly may be elected as Speaker.

(3) If any person elected as Speaker is, at the time of that election, a member of the Niue Assembly, he shall vacate his ofﬁce as a member when he enters upon the duties of the ofﬁce of Speaker.

(4) The election of the Speaker shall take place, before the dis patch of any other business, at the ﬁrst meeting of the Assem bly after each general election, and, at a meeting of the As sembly called for that purpose, as soon as possible after any vacancy in the ofﬁce of Speaker has occurred.

(5) Before a person who has been elected Speaker enters upon the duties of his ofﬁce, he shall take and subscribe before the Clerk of the Niue Assembly at a meeting of the Assembly the Oath of Allegiance prescribed in Article 21 of this Constitution, and the provisions of that Article shall apply with the necessary modiﬁcations as if the references therein to a member were a reference to the Speaker.

(6) The Speaker may resign his ofﬁce by writing under his hand addressed and delivered to the Clerk of the Niue Assembly, and shall vacate his ofﬁce—

(a) On the entry into ofﬁce of a new Speaker elected when the Assembly ﬁrst meets after a general election; or

(b) If he ceases to be qualiﬁed for election as a member of the Assembly; or

(c) If he becomes a candidate at any election of a member or members of the Assembly.

(7) If at any meeting of the Assembly the Speaker is absent or the ofﬁce of Speaker is vacant, the members of the Assembly present at that meeting shall elect one of their number, not being a Minister, to preside over that meeting until the Speaker is again present, or, as the case may be, until a Speaker has been elected and has entered upon the duties of his ofﬁce.

(8) If, at any time when the Assembly is not meeting, the Speaker is, by reason of illness or absence from Niue, temporarily pre vented from performing his functions, or the ofﬁce of Speaker is vacant, then, until the Assembly again meets, or, as the case may be, the Speaker is again able to perform his functions, those functions shall be performed by a member of the Assem bly, not being a Minister, who has presided over a meeting of the Assembly pursuant to subclause (7) of this Article. If more than one member of the Assembly is so qualiﬁed and is avail able to perform the functions of the Speaker, those functions shall be performed by the member who most recently presided over a meeting of the Assembly, pursuant to that subclause.

(9) If it appears that no person is, for the time being, qualiﬁed and available to perform the functions of the Speaker,—

(a) A meeting of the Assembly shall be called as soon as possible, and the Clerk of the Niue Assembly shall per form such of the functions of the Speaker as are required to be performed for the purpose of enabling that meet ing to be held, and the provisions of Article 22(6) of this Constitution shall not apply to that meeting; or

(b) In any case where the Assembly has been dissolved and the ensuing general election has not taken place, a meet ing of those persons who were members of the Assem bly immediately before its dissolution shall be called as soon as possible for the purpose of electing one of their

number to perform the functions of the Speaker until the Speaker is again able to perform his functions, or, as the case may be, the new Assembly ﬁrst meets; and the Clerk of the Niue Assembly shall do everything ne cessary to ensure that the meeting is called and to certify to the result of the election. The person elected shall, for the purpose of subclauses (7) and (8) of this Article, be deemed to be a person who has presided over a meeting of the Assembly.

(10) Every document, including the certiﬁcate on any Bill, signed by the Speaker in the performance of his functions shall be countersigned by the Clerk of the Niue Assembly, and, where, pursuant to this Article, any such document or certiﬁcate is signed by a member performing the functions of the Speaker, it shall be so stated on the document or in that certiﬁcate.

21 Members to take Oath of Allegiance

Except for the purpose of enabling this Article to be complied with and for the election of a Speaker, no member of the Niue Assembly shall be permitted to sit or vote therein until he has taken and subscribed the following oath before the Speaker namely:

I,........... , swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her (or His) Majesty [Specify the name of the reigning Sovereign, as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Sec ond], Her (or His) heirs and successors, according to law, and that I will justly and faithfully carry out my duties as a mem ber of the Niue Assembly. So help me God.

22 Procedure of Niue Assembly

(1) The Niue Assembly shall meet at such places and at such times as the Speaker, acting on the request of the Premier, from time to time appoints in that behalf:

Provided that, if more than 6 weeks has elapsed since the time of the last meeting of the Assembly, any 4 or more members of the Assembly who are not Ministers may request the Speaker to appoint a place and time for a meeting of the Assembly, and the Speaker shall appoint a place and time in that behalf, such time to be not earlier than 5 days nor later than 10 days after but excluding the date of the making of the request.

(2) The Speaker shall preside at every meeting of the Niue As sembly at which he is present.

(3) Except where this Constitution otherwise provides, every question before the Niue Assembly shall be decided by a majority of the votes of the members present.

(4) Subject to any law requiring any member of the Assembly to refrain from voting on any matter concerning a contract in whose execution and enjoyment he is interested, every mem ber present when any question is put to the Niue Assembly shall vote thereon.

(5) The Speaker or other presiding ofﬁcer shall not have a casting vote and the Speaker shall not have a deliberative vote, but a member presiding in place of the Speaker shall have a delib erative vote.

(6) Subject to Article 20(9)(a) of this Constitution, no business shall be transacted at any meeting of the Niue Assembly if the number of members then present, including any member presiding in place of the Speaker, is less than 10.

(7) The powers of the Niue Assembly shall not be affected by any vacancy in its membership.

(8) No Bill shall be passed unless it has been read 3 times in the Assembly.

(9) Any Bill or other business before the Assembly at its dissol ution shall lapse.

(10) Subject to this Constitution, the Niue Assembly may from time to time make Standing Orders for the regulation and orderly conduct of its proceedings and the despatch of business.

23 Languages

(1) The Speaker or any member of the Niue Assembly may speak in the Assembly either in the Niuean language or in the English language:

Provided that the Clerk of the Niue Assembly shall, at the request of the Speaker or of any member made through the Speaker, arrange for the remarks of the Speaker or of any member to be translated into the English language or the Niuean language, as the case may be.

(2) Every Bill introduced into the Niue Assembly and every Act shall be in the Niuean language and also in the English lan guage:

Provided that the Assembly may, by resolution, determine that any Bill or Act shall be in the Niuean language or the English language only.

(3) The records of proceedings in the Niue Assembly or in Com mittees thereof shall be in the Niuean language, and such of those records as are speciﬁed in the Standing Orders of the As sembly or as the Assembly may by resolution determine shall also be in the English language.

(4) The Niuean version and the English version of this Constitu tion and, subject to subclause (5) of this Article, the Niuean version and the English version of any record of proceedings in the Niue Assembly or any Committee thereof and of any enactment shall be equally authentic:

Provided that if in any case there is any apparent discrepancy between any provision of the Niuean version and of the En glish version of this Constitution or of any such record or of any enactment, then, in construing that provision, regard shall be had to all the circumstances that tend to establish the true intent and meaning of that provision.

(5) In the case of any record of proceedings in the Niue Assembly or any Committee thereof the Assembly may by resolution de termine, and in the case of any enactment it may be expressly provided, that where there is any conﬂict between the Niuean version and the English version of any such record or of any such enactment, one version only, being either the Niuean ver sion or the English version, shall prevail.

24 Privileges of Niue Assembly and its members

(1) The validity of any proceedings in the Niue Assembly or in any Committee thereof, and the validity of any certiﬁcate duly given by the Speaker under Article 34 or Article 35 of this Constitution shall not be questioned in any Court.

(2) Neither the Speaker nor any member or ofﬁcer of the Niue Assembly in whom powers are vested for the regulation of procedure or the conduct of business or the maintenance of order shall in relation to the exercise by him of any of those powers be subject to the jurisdiction of any Court.

(3) Neither the Speaker nor any member of the Niue Assembly nor any person entitled to speak therein shall be liable to any pro ceedings in any Court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Assembly or in any Committee thereof.

(4) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any Court in respect of the publication by or under the authority of the Niue Assembly of any report, paper, vote, or proceeding.

(5) Subject to this Article, the privileges of the Niue Assembly and of the Committees thereof and the privileges of members and the Speaker of the Assembly and of the persons entitled to speak therein may be determined by Act; and any such Act may, subject to Article 31 of this Constitution, deﬁne offences relating to breach of privilege or contempt of the Assembly, and may make provision for the trial and punishment of such offences by the High Court, but not otherwise.

25 Remuneration of Premier, other Ministers, other members of the Niue Assembly, and the Speaker

(1) The Niue Public Service Commission may from time to time, and shall when there is a general alteration of the levels of re muneration of employees of the Niue Public Service, report and make recommendations to the Assembly as to the levels of remuneration and other entitlements of the Premier, other Ministers, the members of the Assembly who are not Minis ters, and the Speaker.

(2) The Premier, the other Ministers, the members of the Niue Assembly who are not Ministers, and the Speaker may receive such remuneration and allowances and such other beneﬁts as may be prescribed by Act.

(3) If, in the opinion of the Speaker, any Bill, or any amendment to any Bill, deals with a matter to which this Article relates, that Bill or that amendment may not be introduced unless—

(a) There is before the Assembly a report and recommen dations made by the Niue Public Service Commission pursuant to this Article; and

(b) The issues raised by that Bill or by that amendment are, in the opinion of the Speaker, substantially similar to those considered in the Commission’s report and rec ommendations.

26 Dissolution of Niue Assembly

(1) The Speaker shall, by notice in the Niue Gazette, dissolve the Niue Assembly—

(a) At the expiration of 3 years from the date of the last preceding general election, if it has not been sooner dis solved:

(b) At any time after the expiration of 2 years and 9 months from the date of the last preceding general election, if the Premier so requests:

(c) If, pursuant to Article 6(3) of this Constitution, the Pre mier requests him to dissolve the Assembly:

(d) If a new election of Premier has been held pursuant to Article 5(4) of this Constitution and that new election has become of no effect pursuant to that subclause.

(2) There shall be a general election of the members of the Niue Assembly at such time, being not less than 4 weeks nor more than 6 weeks after the date of every dissolution of the Assem bly, as the Speaker shall, at the request of the Premier, appoint, or, if the Premier makes no such request within 7 days of any dissolution, as the Speaker, acting in his own discretion, shall appoint, by notice in the Niue Gazette.

27 Clerk of the Niue Assembly

(1) There shall be an ofﬁcer of the Niue Public Service to be called the Clerk of the Niue Assembly, who shall be responsible for—

(a) Arranging the business and keeping the records of the proceedings of the Niue Assembly; and

(b) Arranging for the signing of documents and giving of certiﬁcates by the Speaker, whenever any signature or certiﬁcation by the Speaker is required pursuant to this Constitution or to any enactment, and keeping the records of all documents and certiﬁcates so signed or given.

(2) The Clerk of the Niue Assembly shall perform with respect to the Speaker and to the members of the Assembly such secre tarial and other functions as may be required.

28 Power to make laws

(1) Subject to this Constitution, the Niue Assembly may make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Niue.

(2) The powers of the Niue Assembly shall extend to the making, in relation to Niue, of laws having extraterritorial operation, that is to say, affecting or concerning any person or matter or thing outside Niue or any act done or omitted outside Niue.

(3) Without limiting the generality of the powers conferred by this Article, those powers shall include the power to repeal or re voke or amend or modify or extend, in relation to Niue, any law in force in Niue.

(4) Except to the extent to which it is inconsistent with this Con stitution, no Act and no provision of any Act shall be deemed to be invalid solely on the ground that it is inconsistent with any law in force in Niue.

29 Introduction of Bills, etc, into Niue Assembly

Subject to this Constitution and to the Standing Orders of the Niue Assembly, any member of the Assembly may introduce any Bill or propose any motion for debate in or present any petition to the Assembly, and the same shall be considered and disposed of in accordance with the Standing Orders.

30 Restrictions with regard to ﬁnancial measures

Except with the recommendation or consent of the Premier or another Minister acting on behalf of the Premier, the Niue As sembly shall not proceed upon any Bill (including an amend ment to any Bill) which, in the opinion of the Speaker, would dispose of or charge any of the public revenues of Niue, or revoke or alter, otherwise than by way of reduction, any dis position thereof or charge thereon, or impose or alter or abolish any toll, rate, due, fee, ﬁne, or tax.

31 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting the criminal law or personal status

(1) The Niue Assembly shall not proceed upon any Bill, or upon any amendment to a Bill, after its introduction, if, in the opin ion of the Speaker, that Bill or that amendment makes provi sion concerning—

(a) The constitution or jurisdiction of any Court other than the Land Court and the Land Appellate Court; or

(b) The deﬁnition of any criminal offence; or

(c) The sentence to be imposed on any person convicted of any criminal offence; or

(d) The arrest or release on bail of any person; or

(e) The procedure to be followed for the trial of any person charged with having committed any criminal offence; or

(f) The law of evidence; or

(g) The extradition of any offender or the return of any fugi tive to or from Niue; or

(h) The law relating to marriage; or

(i) The law relating to divorce; or

(j) The law of adoption; or

(k) The law relating to maintenance and afﬁliation— unless the Chief Justice has been invited to comment on the legal, constitutional, and policy issues raised by that Bill or by that amendment, and there is before the Assembly the response of the Chief Justice to that invitation.

(2) If, pursuant to this Article, the Assembly by resolution decides to invite the Chief Justice to comment in relation to a Bill or to an amendment, the Speaker shall cause to be sent to the Chief Justice a copy of that resolution and an account of the Assembly’s discussions thereon, together with a copy of that Bill or, as the case may be, of that amendment and of the Bill to which it relates; but if the Assembly takes a contrary decision, the Bill or the amendment to which that decision relates shall lapse.

(3) Whenever, pursuant to this Article, the Chief Justice is invited to comment in relation to a Bill or to an amendment, he shall, in responding to that invitation, either furnish comments or state that there are no comments which he considers should be made.

(4) When pursuant to this Article the Assembly has received the response of the Chief Justice to any invitation to comment in relation to a Bill or an amendment to a Bill, and a new or revised amendment is thereafter introduced, the requirements of this Article shall not apply in relation to that new or revised amendment, unless, in the opinion of the Speaker, it raises legal, constitutional, or policy issues which were not raised by the previous invitation to the Chief Justice or by his response.

32 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting the Niue Public Service

(1) The Niue Assembly shall not proceed upon any Bill or upon an amendment to any Bill, after its introduction, if, in the opinion of the Speaker, that Bill or that amendment makes provision concerning—

(a) The pay, allowances, discipline, control, and manage ment of the Niue Public Service; or

(b) The appointment, promotion, transfer, retirement, re moval, suspension, and dismissal of employees of the Niue Public Service, including the review of or appeals against any decisions in relation thereto,—unless the Assembly has before it a report, made by the Niue Public Service Commission pursuant to this Article, on the legal, constitutional, and policy issues raised by that Bill or by that amendment.

(2) If, pursuant to this Article, the Assembly by resolution decides to request the Niue Public Service Commission to report in relation to a Bill or to an amendment, the Speaker shall cause to be sent to the Niue Public Service Commission a copy of that resolution, and an account of the Assembly’s discussions thereon, together with a copy of that Bill, or as the case may be, of that amendment and of the Bill to which it relates; but, if the Assembly takes a contrary decision, the Bill or the amendment to which that decision relates shall lapse.

(3) When, pursuant to this Article, the Assembly has received the report of the Niue Public Service Commission in relation to a Bill or an amendment to a Bill, and a new or revised amend ment is thereafter introduced, the requirements of this Article shall not apply in relation to that new or revised amendment, unless, in the opinion of the Speaker, it raises legal, constitutional, or policy issues which were not raised by the previous request to that Commission or by its report.

33 Special provisions with regard to measures affecting Niuean land

(1) The Niue Assembly shall not proceed upon any Bill or upon an amendment to any Bill, after its introduction, if in the opinion of the Speaker, that Bill or that amendment makes provision concerning—

(a) The customary title to Niuean land; or

(b) The alienation of Niuean land; or

(c) The purchase, taking, or other acquisition of Niuean land for any public purpose; or

(d) The constitution or jurisdiction of the Land Court or of the Land Appellate Court,—

unless the Assembly has before it a report, made by a Commis sion of Inquiry, having such powers and authority to summon witnesses and to receive evidence as are conferred on a Com mission of Inquiry by law, on the legal, constitutional, and pol icy issues raised by the Bill or by that amendment.

(2) If the Assembly by resolution decides that any Bill or amend ment to which this Article applies is worthy of consideration by a Commission of Inquiry pursuant to this Article, the Cab inet shall as soon as possible consider whether and in what manner it should act to enable effect to be given to the Assem bly’s decision; but, if the Assembly takes a contrary decision in relation to any such Bill or amendment, that Bill or that amendment shall lapse.

(3) Whenever the Assembly has by resolution decided that any Bill or amendment to which this Article applies is worthy of consideration by a Commission of Inquiry pursuant to this Art icle,—

(a) The Cabinet may establish a Commission of Inquiry with appropriate terms of reference, or may make any necessary alteration in the terms of reference of a Commission of Inquiry already established to inquire into any matter affecting Niuean land; and the Premier shall as soon as possible inform the Assembly of any arrange ment that has been made by the Cabinet to enable effect to be given to the Assembly’s decision; and

(b) Whenever it appears that such an arrangement has been made by the Cabinet, the Speaker shall cause to be sent to the Commission of Inquiry designated by the Cabinet for the purpose of considering the Bill or the amend ment to which the Assembly’s resolution relates a copy of that resolution and an account of the Assembly’s dis cussions thereon, together with a copy of the Bill or, as the case may be, a copy of the amendment and of the Bill to which it relates, and the Commission of Inquiry shall, pursuant to this Article, in due course make its re port to the Assembly.

(4) When, pursuant to this Article, the Assembly has received the report of a Commission of Inquiry in relation to a Bill or to an amendment to a Bill and a new or revised amendment is thereafter introduced, the requirements of this Article shall not apply in relation to that new or revised amendment, unless, in the opinion of the Speaker, it raises legal, constitutional, or policy issues which were not raised by the previous report of that Commission of Inquiry.

(5) In this Article—

Alienation, in relation to Niuean land, means the making or grant of any transfer, sale, gift, lease, licence, easement, proﬁt, mortgage, charge, encumbrance, trust, or other disposition, whether absolute or limited, and whether legal or equitable; and includes a contract to make any such alienation; and also includes the surrender or variation of a lease, licence, ease ment, or proﬁt and the variation of the terms of any other alien ation as hereinbefore deﬁned.

Customary title means title in accordance with the customs and usages of Niue

Niuean land means land in Niue vested in the Crown but held by Niueans according to the customs and usages of Niue; and includes any land granted by the Crown in fee simple before the 1st day of April 1916 and any customary land declared to be Niuean freehold land or native freehold land by an order of any Court before the 1st day of November 1969.

34 When Bills become law

(1) Subject to the requirements of Article 35 of this Constitution in those cases to which that Article applies, a Bill shall become law if, and only if—

(a) It has been passed by the Niue Assembly; and

(b) The Speaker, being satisﬁed that it has been passed in accordance with this Constitution and with the Standing Orders of the Assembly, has endorsed on a copy of the Bill a certiﬁcate of compliance with the requirements of this Article, and has, in the presence of the Clerk of the Niue Assembly, signed that certiﬁcate and sealed that copy with the Seal of Niue, and inscribed thereon the date of that signing and sealing; and

(c) The Clerk of the Niue Assembly has, in the presence of the Speaker, countersigned the certiﬁcate on that copy of the Bill.

(2) A Bill which becomes law in accordance with the require ments of this Article, shall be an Act of the Niue Assembly.

(3) Subject to its provisions, an Act shall come into force on the date of its certiﬁcation and sealing.

35 Power of the Niue Assembly to repeal or amend this Constitution

(1) A Bill repealing or amending or modifying or extending any of the provisions of the Niue Constitution Act 1974 or of this Constitution or making any provision inconsistent with any of those provisions shall become law if, and only if—

(a) It has been passed by the Niue Assembly in compliance with the following requirements:

(i) On both the ﬁnal reading, and on the reading which preceded it, the Bill receives the afﬁrma tive votes of not less than twothirds of the total membership of the Assembly, as provided in Art icle 16(2)(b) of this Constitution; and

(ii) The vote on the ﬁnal reading takes place at least 13 weeks after but excluding the day of the vote on the reading which preceded it; and

(b) It has thereafter been submitted to a poll, conducted in a manner prescribed by law, of the persons who at the time of that poll were entitled to vote as electors at a general election of members of the Niue Assembly, and has at that poll received the support—

(i) In the case of any Bill repealing or amending or modifying or extending any of the provisions of sections 2 to 9 of the Niue Constitution Act 1974 or of Articles 1 and 69 of this Constitution or of this Article, by twothirds of the votes validly cast; and

(ii) In any other case, of a majority of the votes validly cast; and

(c) The Speaker, being satisﬁed that it has been passed in accordance with this Constitution and with the Standing Orders of the Assembly, has endorsed on a copy of the Bill a certiﬁcate of compliance with the requirements of this Article, and has, in the presence of the Clerk of the Niue Assembly, signed that certiﬁcate and sealed that copy with the Seal of Niue, and inscribed thereon the date of that signing and sealing; and

(d) The Clerk of the Niue Assembly has, in the presence of the Speaker, countersigned the certiﬁcate on that copy of the Bill.

(2) A Bill which becomes law in accordance with the require ments of this Article shall be part of this Constitution and shall be described as a constitutional amendment.

(3) Subject to its provisions, a constitutional amendment shall come into force on the date of its certiﬁcation and sealing.

36 New Zealand Parliament not to legislate for Niue, and New Zealand subordinate legislation not to apply to Niue, except with consent

(1) No Act, and no provision of any Act, of the Parliament of New Zealand passed on or after Constitution Day shall extend to Niue as part of the law of Niue, unless—

(a) The passing of that Act or the making of that provision, so far as it extends to Niue, has been requested and consented to by resolution of the Niue Assembly; and

(b) It is expressly declared in that Act that the Niue Assem bly has requested and consented to the enactment of that Act or of that provision.

(2) No subordinate legislation made after Constitution Day pur suant to any Act of the Parliament of New Zealand shall ex tend to Niue as part of the law of Niue unless—

(a) At the date of its making, the Act pursuant to which that subordinate legislation was made extends to Niue as part of the law of Niue; and

(b) The extension to Niue of that subordinate legislation has been requested and consented to by the Cabinet of Ministers of Niue; and

(c) It is expressly declared in that subordinate legislation that the Cabinet of Ministers of Niue has requested and consented to that extension.

(3) Any Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which, pursuant to this Article, extends to Niue as part of the law of Niue, shall have the same force and effect as if it were an Act of the Niue Assembly.

(4) In this Article the term subordinate legislation means any Order in Council, Proclamation, regulations, rules, or other subordinate legislation.

PART III

The Judiciary

37 High Court established

(1) There shall be a Court of record, to be called the High Court of Niue, for the administration of justice in Niue.

(2) The High Court shall have all such jurisdiction (both civil and criminal) as may be necessary to administer the law in force in Niue.

(3) No provision, except in an existing law, shall limit or restrict the jurisdiction or powers of the High Court, or confer exclu sive jurisdiction on any other Court or tribunal, unless that pro vision is made by this Constitution or by Act.

38 Judges and Commissioners of the High Court

(1) The High Court shall consist of the Chief Justice and such other Judges and such Commissioners as are from time to time appointed under this Constitution.

(2) A person shall not be qualiﬁed for appointment as Chief Just ice or as another Judge or as a Commissioner of the High Court unless he possesses such qualiﬁcations as may, subject to this Constitution, be prescribed by Act.

39 Jurisdiction of Commissioners of the High Court

(1) A Commissioner of the High Court shall possess and may exercise such of the functions of a Judge of the High Court (whether judicial or administrative, but excluding those vested exclusively in the Chief Justice) as may be prescribed by law, either generally or with respect to any particular Commissioner or Commissioners of that Court, and all references in any enactment to a Judge of the High Court shall be construed as applying to a Commissioner of the High Court within the limits of the jurisdiction so conferred on him.

(2) The ofﬁce of Commissioner of the High Court may, with the approval of the Niue Public Service Commission, be held con currently with the ofﬁce of a Registrar of that Court or with any other ofﬁce in the Niue Public Service, or may be held concur rently with any other position or employment, but a Commis sioner of the High Court in the exercise of his functions shall not be under the control of the Niue Public Service Commission.

(3) Provision may be made by law for appeals from a Commis sioner of the High Court to a Judge of that Court.

40 Land Court established

There shall be a Court of record, to be called the Land Court of Niue, which shall have the jurisdiction and powers conferred on it by existing law or by this Constitution or by Act.

41 Judges and Commissioners of the Land Court

(1) The Land Court shall consist of a Chief Judge and such other Judges and such Commissioners of that Court as are from time to time appointed under this Constitution.

(2) A person shall not be qualiﬁed for appointment as Chief Judge or as another Judge or as a Commissioner of the Land Court unless he possesses such qualiﬁcations as may, subject to this Constitution, be prescribed by Act.

42 Jurisdiction of Commissioners of the Land Court

(1) A Commissioner of the Land Court shall possess and may exercise such of the functions of a Judge of the Land Court (whether judicial or administrative, but excluding those vested exclusively in the Chief Judge of that Court) as may be pre scribed by law, either generally or with respect to any particu lar Commissioner or Commissioners of that Court, and all ref erences in any enactment to a Judge of the Land Court shall be construed as applying to a Commissioner of the Land Court within the limits of the jurisdiction conferred upon him.

(2) The ofﬁce of Commissioner of the Land Court may, with the approval of the Niue Public Service Commission, be held con currently with any other ofﬁce in the Niue Public Service other than the ofﬁce of Registrar of that Court, or may be held con currently with any other position or employment, but a Com missioner of the Land Court in the exercise of his functions shall not be under the control of the Niue Public Service Com mission.

(3) Provision may be made by law for appeals from a Commis sioner of the Land Court to a Judge of that Court.

43 Land Appellate Court of Niue

There shall be a Court of record, to be called the Land Ap pellate Court of Niue, which shall have the jurisdiction and powers conferred on it by existing law or by this Constitution or by Act.

44 Judges of the Land Appellate Court

(1) The Chief Judge and the other Judges of the Land Court of Niue and the Chief Judge and the other Judges of the Maori Land Court of New Zealand shall be the Judges of the Land Appellate Court.

(2) Any 2 or more of the Judges (other than a Judge who de termined the matter in dispute in the Land Court) shall have power to act as the Land Appellate Court but at least 2 Judges, or a majority of those Judges if the Court comprises more than 3 Judges, shall concur in every decision of that Court.

(3) The Chief Judge of the Land Court of Niue shall preside at any sitting of the Land Appellate Court at which he is present. In his absence the Chief Judge of the Maori Land Court of New Zealand, if present, shall preside, and in the absence of both of those Judges the Judge who is senior in terms of the date of his appointment to his present judicial ofﬁce shall preside.

45 Appointment of Judges and Commissioners

(1) The Chief Justice and the other Judges of the High Court shall be appointed by the GovernorGeneral on the advice of the Cabinet.

(2) The Chief Judge and the other Judges of the Land Court and the Commissioners of the High Court or of the Land Court shall be appointed by the Cabinet.

(3) A person may be appointed as a Judge or Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court whether he holds any other judicial ofﬁce, in Niue or elsewhere.

46 Tenure of ofﬁce of Judges and Commissioners

(1) Except in the case of an appointment made under Article 47 of this Constitution, no person who has attained the age of 68 years shall be appointed to or continue to hold ofﬁce as a Judge or a Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court.

(2) Nothing done by a Judge or Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court in the performance of his functions shall be deemed to be invalid by reason only that he has reached the age at which he is required by this Article to retire, or, in the case of a Judge or Commissioner appointed under Article 47 of this Constitution, that his term of ofﬁce has expired.

(3) A Judge or Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court may resign his ofﬁce by writing under his hand ad dressed to the Premier.

47 Temporary Judges and Commissioners

The Cabinet may at any time appoint any person of any age who is otherwise qualiﬁed for appointment to hold ofﬁce as Chief Justice or as another Judge or as a Commissioner of the High Court or as Chief Judge or as another Judge or as a Commissioner of the Land Court for such time, not exceeding one year, as is speciﬁed in his warrant of appointment.

48 Acting Chief Justice of the High Court and Acting Chief Judge of the Land Court

(1) Where any vacancy exists in the ofﬁce of Chief Justice, or it appears that the Chief Justice is, for any reason, for the time being unable to perform the functions of his ofﬁce, those func tions may be performed by another Judge of the High Court, and, if there is more than one such Judge who is able to per form those functions, then by the Judge who is senior in terms of the date of his appointment to that ofﬁce, and that Judge may continue to perform those functions until a new Chief Justice is appointed and assumes ofﬁce, or, as the case may be, until the Chief Justice is again able to perform the functions of his ofﬁce.

(2) Where any vacancy exists in the ofﬁce of Chief Judge of the Land Court or it appears that the Chief Judge is, for any rea son, for the time being unable to perform the functions of his ofﬁce, those functions may be performed by another Judge of the Land Court, and, if there is more than one such Judge who is able to perform those functions, then by the Judge who is senior in terms of the date of his appointment to that ofﬁce, and that Judge may continue to perform those functions until a new Chief Judge is appointed and assumes ofﬁce, or, as the case may be, until the Chief Judge is again able to perform the functions of his ofﬁce.

49 Removal of Judges and Commissioners from ofﬁce

(1) A Judge of the High Court shall not be removed from ofﬁce ex cept by the GovernorGeneral, acting on the advice of the Cab inet given in accordance with a recommendation contained in a resolution of the Niue Assembly.

(2) A Judge of the Land Court shall not be removed from ofﬁce except by the Cabinet, acting in accordance with a recommen dation contained in a resolution of the Niue Assembly.

(3) A Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court shall not be removed from ofﬁce except by the Cabinet, acting in accordance with a recommendation of the Chief Justice.

(4) The only ground upon which any Judge or Commissioner may be removed from ofﬁce is that of inability to discharge the functions of his ofﬁce (whether arising from inﬁrmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or of misbehaviour.

50 Salaries of Judges and Commissioners

(1) The Judges and Commissioners of the High Court or of the Land Court shall receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be prescribed by enactment; but, if any Judge or Commissioner is appointed on terms which do not require him to devote the whole of his time to performing the duties of that ofﬁce, he shall receive, by way of salary and allowances, the amount that is appropriate, having regard to the extent of the duties he has performed and to the terms and conditions of his appointment.

(2) The salaries of the Judges and Commissioners shall be a charge upon the Niue Government Account.

(3) During the term of ofﬁce of any Judge or Commissioner, his salary may be increased, whether to take account of any in crease in general levels of remuneration or for any other rea son, but his salary shall not during the term of his ofﬁce be re duced, unless as part of a general reduction of salaries applied proportionately to all persons whose salaries are determined by enactment.

51 Appeal from High Court to Court of Appeal of New Zealand

(1) Subject to this Constitution, an appeal shall lie to the Court of Appeal of New Zealand from a ﬁnal judgment of the High Court—

(a) As of right, if the High Court certiﬁes that the case in volves a substantial question of law as to the interpret ation or effect of any provision of this Constitution:

(b) As of right, from any conviction by the High Court in the exercise of its criminal jurisdiction

whereby the ap pellant has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term exceeding 6 months or to a ﬁne of not less than $200, and from any such sentence (not being a sentence ﬁxed by law):

(c) As of right, when the matter in dispute on the appeal amounts to or is of the value of $400 or upwards:

(d) With the leave of the High Court in any other case, if in the opinion of that Court the question involved in the ap peal is one which by reason of its general or public im portance, or of the magnitude of the interests affected, or for any other reason, ought to be submitted to the Court of Appeal of New Zealand for decision.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in subclause (1) of this Article, the Court of Appeal of New Zealand may, in any case in which it thinks ﬁt and at any time, grant special leave to appeal to that Court from any ﬁnal judgment of the High Court, subject to such conditions as to security for costs and otherwise as the Court of Appeal thinks ﬁt.

52 Transmission of order of Court of Appeal on appeal

The determination of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand on any appeal from the High Court under Article 51 of this Con stitution shall be transmitted to the Registrar of the High Court by the Registrar of the Court of Appeal under the Seal of the Court of Appeal, and judgment shall thereupon be entered by the High Court in conformity with that determination, or such other proceedings by way of new trial or otherwise shall be taken in the High Court as are required by that determination.

53 Justices of the Peace

(1) The Cabinet may appoint Justices of the Peace for Niue, who shall hold ofﬁce for such time as may be prescribed in their warrants of appointment.

(2) Any 2 Justices of the Peace for Niue, acting together, shall possess and may exercise in Niue any of the functions that are by law conferred generally on Commissioners of the High Court; and Article 39 of this Constitution, with the necessary modiﬁcations, shall apply as if references therein to a Com missioner of the High Court were references to any 2 Justices of the Peace for Niue; but this subclause shall not apply in the case of any Justice of the Peace who is a member of the Niue Assembly or has attained the age of 68 years.

(3) A Justice of the Peace for Niue shall not be removed from of ﬁce except by the Cabinet acting in accordance with a recom mendation of the Chief Justice.

(4) Justices of the Peace for Niue shall receive, in respect of any duties they perform, such remuneration as may from time to time be prescribed by enactment.

54 Oath of Allegiance and Judicial Oath

(1) Every Judge or Commissioner of the High Court, every Just ice of the Peace for Niue, every Judge or Commissioner of the Land Court, and every Judge of the Land Appellate Court who is not also a Judge of the Land Court (being persons appointed to those ofﬁces on or after Constitution Day) shall, before per forming the functions of his ofﬁce, take and subscribe the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath prescribed in subclauses

(2) and (3) of this Article, respectively, before the following persons:

(a) In the case of the Chief Justice or of any other Judge or any Commissioner of the High Court, before a Judge of the High Court or before the Premier:

(b) In the case of the Chief Judge or any other Judge or any Commissioner of the Land Court, or of a Judge of the Land Appellate Court, before a Judge of the High Court or of the Land Court, or before the Premier:

(c) In the case of any Justice of the Peace for Niue, before any Judge or Commissioner of the High Court.

(2) The Oath of Allegiance shall be in the following form— I,........... , swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her (or His) Majesty [Specify the name

of the reigning sovereign as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second] Her (or His) heirs and successors, in accordance with the Constitution and the law. So help me God.

(3) The Judicial Oath shall be in the following form—

I,........... , swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve Her (or His) Majesty [Specify as above] Her (or His) heirs and successors, in accordance with the Constitution and the law, in the ofﬁce of........... ; and I will do right to all manner of people, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God.

(4) No proceedings before any judicial ofﬁcer or ofﬁcers to whom this Article applies shall be questioned in any Court solely on the ground that any one or more of those judicial ofﬁcers have failed to comply with a requirement of this Article.

55 Chief Justice to comment on certain Bills

Whenever, pursuant to Article 31 of this Constitution, the Chief Justice is invited to comment on the legal, constitu tional, and policy issues raised by any Bill or amendment, he shall as soon as possible, and in any case within one month after receiving the papers relating to the Bill or amendment, respond to that invitation, either by furnishing his comments to the Speaker, or by informing the Speaker that there are no comments which he considers should be made, or, if he requires further time or information before forming a ﬁnal opinion, by making that known to the Speaker.

PART IV

The Public Revenues of Niue

56 Legislative control of public revenue and expenditure

(1) No taxes shall be imposed except by law.

(2) All revenue received by the Government of Niue shall be paid into an appropriate public fund or account; and every such fund or account, unless established by existing law, shall be established by or pursuant to Act.

(3) All expenditure of public money, unless authorised by existing law, shall be authorised by Act.

57 Niue Government Account

(1) There shall be a Niue Government Account.

(2) All taxes and other revenues and money raised or received by the Government of Niue shall be paid into the Niue Govern ment Account, unless required or permitted by law to be paid into any other public fund or account.

58 Annual estimates and appropriations

(1) Except as provided in Article 59(4)(b) of this Constitution or where authorised by a speciﬁc appropriation contained in any existing law or in any Act, all expenditure of public money in any ﬁnancial year shall be charged to votes speciﬁed in the Appropriation Act and in accordance with the estimates for that year.

(2) Each Appropriation Act shall relate to one ﬁnancial year, and shall lapse at the end of that year.

59 Cabinet to supervise expenditure

(1) It shall be the responsibility of the Cabinet to make proposals to the Assembly as to the projected levels of public revenue and of public expenditure in each ﬁnancial year, and as to all other budgetary matters. In particular, the Premier or another Minister shall introduce or take responsibility in the Assembly for all Bills relating to ﬁnancial measures, and for the submis sion of a detailed statement of estimated expenditure in respect of each ﬁnancial year.

(2) The Cabinet shall also be accountable to the Assembly for all public expenditure, and for relating such expenditure to the ap propriations made by the Assembly pursuant to Article 58 of this Constitution, or to any discretion to approve expenditure pursuant to subclause (4) of this Article, and shall lay the ac counts for each ﬁnancial year before the Assembly.

(3) Any delegation by the Cabinet, whether or not to one or more of its own members, of the power to approve public expend iture shall, subject to existing law, be made by or pursuant to Act, and shall be without prejudice to the generality of the Cab inet’s continuing responsibilities under this Article.

(4) Subject to such lower limits and such restrictions as may from time to time be prescribed by any enactment, the Cabinet may approve the expenditure of such sums as it considers neces sary—

(a) In anticipation of provision to be made in the Appro priation Act for any ﬁnancial year; but the total amount issued and paid under this paragraph in relation to any vote in any ﬁnancial year shall not exceed the unex pended balance of the corresponding vote in the Appro priation Act for the preceding ﬁnancial year, together with an amount equal to onefourth of that vote, and all money so spent shall be included in the estimates for that year; or

(b) Where, during the period between the passing of the Appropriation Act for any ﬁnancial year and the end of that ﬁnancial year, it is desirable that money should be expended in excess of or without the appropriation of the Niue Assembly, but the total amount of all sums issued and paid under this paragraph in any ﬁnancial year shall not exceed 1½ percent of the total amount of all sums appropriated by the Appropriation Act for that ﬁnancial year.

(5) All expenditure made under subclause (4)(b) of this Article shall be charged as unauthorised expenditure to the appropriate fund or account.

(6) A statement of the unauthorised expenditure for any ﬁnancial year shall be included in the accounts for that year laid before the Assembly.

60 Audit

(1) The Audit Ofﬁce of New Zealand shall be the auditor of the Niue Government Account and of all other public funds or accounts, and of the accounts of all Departments and Ofﬁces of executive government, and of such other public or statutory authorities or bodies as may be provided by law.

(2) The Audit Ofﬁce shall, at least once annually, prepare and for ward to the Speaker of the Niue Assembly for presentation to the Assembly a report containing such information as is re quired to be submitted by any enactment, together with such other information relating to the Niue Government Account, or to such other funds or accounts which under this Constitu tion or under any enactment are required to be audited by the Audit Ofﬁce, as that ofﬁce considers desirable.

PART V

Health, Education, and Other Social Services

61 Health, education, and other social services

(1) The Cabinet shall be responsible for establishing and main taining in Niue such hospitals and other institutions and for providing such other services as it considers necessary for the public health.

(2) The Cabinet shall be responsible for establishing and main taining in Niue such public schools and for making such other provision as it considers necessary to provide educational op portunities for the people of Niue.

(3) The Cabinet shall be responsible for establishing and main taining such other institutions and services and for making such other provision as it considers necessary to provide a rea sonable standard of living for the people of Niue and to secure their economic, social, and cultural welfare.

(4) Nothing in this Article shall be construed as limiting the powers conferred on the Cabinet by Article 2 of this Con stitution to exercise on behalf of Her Majesty the executive authority of Niue.

PART VI

The Niue Public Service

62 Niue Public Service

(1) There shall be a Niue Public Service comprising such employees as may be necessary to assist the Cabinet in exercising the executive authority of Niue and to perform such other functions or exercise such powers as may be prescribed by law.

(2) Except as provided in subclause (4) of this Article, no person shall be employed in the service of the Government of Niue unless he is an employee of the Niue Public Service.

(3) Except as may otherwise be provided by Act, employment by a public corporation or other statutory authority or public body constituted under the law of Niue shall, for the purposes of this Article, be considered as employment in the service of the Government of Niue.

(4) Subclause (2) of this Article shall not apply to service remunerated by way of fees or commission only, or honorary service, or service as—

(a) A Judge or Commissioner of the High Court or of the Land Court, a Judge of the Land Appellate Court, a Just ice of the Peace for Niue, or any other judicial ofﬁcer appointed by or pursuant to existing law or Act; or

(b) A Minister, or any other member or the Speaker of the Niue Assembly; or

(c) A member of the Niue Public Service Commission.

63 Secretary to the Government

(1) There shall be an ofﬁcer of the Niue Public Service to be called the Secretary to the Government, who shall be the permanent head of the Niue Public Service and the chief administrative ofﬁcer of the Government of Niue.

(2) In addition to the other functions and powers conferred upon him by law, the Secretary to the Government shall be respon sible to the Cabinet for the general direction of the work of all departments and ofﬁces of the executive government. The head of each Department or ofﬁce shall account for the work of that Department or ofﬁce to the Secretary to the Govern ment, as well as to the Minister primarily responsible for that Department or ofﬁce or, as the case may be, for the function performed by that Department or ofﬁce.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in Article 69(2) of this Constitution, the Niue Public Service Commission shall consult the Premier and shall obtain the concurrence of the Cabinet before it ap points any person to be Secretary to the Government.

(4) Notwithstanding anything in any enactment, no appeal by any employee of the Niue Public Service shall lie against the pro motion or appointment of any person to the ofﬁce of Secretary to the Government.

64 Niue Public Service Commission

(1) There shall be a Public Service Commission for Niue, to be called the Niue Public Service Commission, which shall be constituted as follows—

(a) The Chairman of the New Zealand State Services Com mission shall be the Chairman of the Niue Public Ser vice Commission:

(b) Another member of the New Zealand State Services Commission shall be appointed by that Commission to hold ofﬁce as a member of the Niue Public Service Commission:

(c) A person having special knowledge of Niue shall be ap pointed by the New Zealand State Services Commission with the concurrence of the Cabinet to hold ofﬁce for a term of not more than 5 years, but shall be eligible for reappointment.

(2) Notice of every appointment to the Niue Public Service Com mission shall be published in the Niue Gazette.

(3) The following provisions shall apply with respect to the mem ber of the Niue Public Service Commission appointed under subclause (1)(c) of this Article:

(a) He shall be paid such remuneration as the Cabinet de termines from time to time on the recommendation of the New Zealand State Services Commission:

(b) He may resign his ofﬁce by notice in writing to the New Zealand State Services Commission, or he may be removed from ofﬁce by that Commission with the concur rence of the Cabinet on the ground that he is unable to discharge the functions of his ofﬁce (whether by reason of inﬁrmity of body or mind or from any other cause).

65 Acting members of Commission

(1) In the event of the incapacity, by reason of illness or absence or any other cause, of the Chairman of the New Zealand State Services Commission, or if the ofﬁce of the Chairman of that Commission is vacant, the member of the New Zealand State Services Commission for the time being acting as the Chair man of that Commission shall also act as the Chairman of the Niue Public Service Commission during that incapacity or vacancy.

(2) In the event of the incapacity, by reason of illness or absence or any other cause, of the other member of the New Zealand State Services Commission who is a member of the Niue Public Ser vice Commission, the New Zealand State Services Commis sion may appoint another of its members to act for that member during that incapacity.

(3) In the event of the incapacity, by reason of illness or absence or any other cause, of the member of the Niue Public Service Commission appointed under Article 64(1)(c) of this Constitu tion, or if the ofﬁce of that member is vacant, the New Zealand State Services Commission, with the concurrence of the Cab inet may appoint a person to act in place of that member during that incapacity or vacancy.

(4) Any person acting in place of a member of the Niue Public Service Commission pursuant to this Article shall be deemed for all purposes to be a member of the Commission, and no appointment of any such person, and no act done by him in his capacity as a member of the Commission, shall in any pro ceedings be questioned on the ground that the occasion for his appointment had not arisen or had ceased.

66 Procedure of Commission

(1) At all meetings of the Niue Public Service Commission, 2 members shall form a quorum.

(2) The Commission shall have power to invite such other persons as it thinks ﬁt to assist in its deliberations.

(3) At least 2 members of the Commission shall concur in any decision of the Commission.

(4) Any matter which may be decided by the Commission at a meeting may also be decided by a minute of the Commission signed by all the members.

(5) Subject to this Constitution, the Commission shall regulate its own procedure.

67 Delegation of powers

(1) Without prejudice to its continuing responsibility for the or ganisation and management of the Niue Public Service, the Commission may from time to time, either generally or partic ularly, delegate any of its powers in relation to the Niue Public Service (including this power of delegation) to any of its mem bers or any other person who, in either case, is visiting Niue on the Commission’s business or to the Secretary to the Gov ernment.

(2) Subject to any general or special directions given by the Com mission, a person to whom any powers are so delegated may exercise those powers in the same manner and with the same effect as if they had been conferred on him directly by enact ment and not by delegation.

(3) Every person purporting to act pursuant to any delegation under this Article shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be presumed to be acting in accordance with the terms of the delegation.

(4) Any delegation under this section may be made to a speciﬁed person or to persons of a speciﬁed class, or may be made to the holder for the time being of a speciﬁed ofﬁce.

(5) The delegation of any powers under this section shall not pre vent the exercise of those powers by the Commission or by any person making the delegation.

68 Functions and powers of Commission

(1) The Niue Public Service Commission shall be the employing authority for the Niue Public Service, and, subject to this Con stitution, shall have the general oversight and control of its organisation and management, and shall be responsible for re viewing the efﬁciency and economy of all departments and ofﬁces of the executive government.

(2) Subject to this Constitution and to any enactment, the Com mission may prescribe and determine the terms and conditions of employment of members of the Niue Public Service, and may issue such instructions or exercise such other powers as may be necessary to enable it to perform the functions and carry out the duties described in this Constitution or conferred on it by law.

(3) In the performance or exercise of its functions, powers, and duties in relation to the Niue Public Service, the Commission may conduct such inquiries and investigations as it considers necessary, and, for the purpose of conducting any such inquiry or investigation, the Commission shall have such powers and authority to summon witnesses and to receive evidence as are conferred on a Commission of Inquiry by law.

(4) Except as provided in Article 69(2) of this Constitution, the Commission shall be responsible to the Cabinet for the carry ing out of its duties and the performance and exercise of its functions and powers, and the Commission shall, as neces sary, inform and advise the Cabinet in relation to any matter affecting the Niue Public Service.

(5) The Commission shall as soon as practicable after the 31st day of March in each year furnish to the Cabinet a report on the state of the efﬁciency and economy of the Niue Public Service and on the work of the Commission for the year ending with that date. A copy of that report shall be laid before the Niue Assembly.

69 Appointments to Niue Public Service

(1) All employees of the Niue Public Service shall be appointed by the Niue Public Service Commission and, subject to this Constitution and to any enactment, shall hold ofﬁce on such terms and conditions as may from time to time be prescribed or determined by the Commission.

(2) In all matters relating to decisions about individual employees (whether they relate to the appointment, promotion, demotion, transfer, disciplining, or cessation of employment of any em ployee or any other matter) the Commission shall not receive any direction from the Cabinet, but shall act independently.

(3) In establishing and revising the terms and conditions of em ployment in the Niue Public Service, the factors to be taken into account shall include—

(a) The need for the Niue Public Service to recruit and retain an efﬁcient staff, and, in particular, to provide varied careers and adequate advancement for Niueans with special skills:

(b) The need to afford reasonable opportunities of employ ment in Niue for the people of Niue, and in so doing to have regard to the employment opportunities and levels of remuneration available in New Zealand:

(c) The need to act consistently with Government eco nomic and social policy, bearing in mind that the terms and conditions of employment in the Niue Public Ser vice are a major element in the general wellbeing of Niue.

(4) The pay and allowances of employees of the Niue Public Ser vice shall be paid from the Niue Government Account out of money appropriated by the Niue Assembly.

70 Commission to make certain reports and recommendations to Assembly

(1) Pursuant to Article 25 of this Constitution, the Niue Public Service Commission shall from time to time consider whether circumstances require the making of a report and recommen dations to the Assembly as to the levels of remuneration and other entitlements of the Premier, the other Ministers, the members of the Assembly who are not Ministers, and the Speaker, and the Commission shall make such a report and recommendations, whenever there is a general alteration of the levels of remuneration of employees of the Niue Public Service.

(2) The Commission shall send to the Speaker any report and rec ommendations made under subclause (1) of this Article.

(3) Whenever, pursuant to Article 32 of this Constitution, the Niue Public Service Commission is requested to report on the legal, constitutional, and policy issues raised by any Bill or amend ment, it shall as soon as possible, and in any case within one month after receiving the papers relating to the Bill or amend ment, respond to that request, either by furnishing its report to the Speaker, or, if it requires further time or information before forming a ﬁnal opinion, by making that known to the Speaker.

71 Existing law to continue

Subject to this Constitution,—

(a) The existing law shall, until repealed, and subject to any amendment thereof, continue in force on and after Constitution Day:

(b) All rights, obligations, and liabilities arising under the existing law shall continue to exist on and after Constitution Day, and shall be recognised, exercised, and enforced accordingly.

PART VII

Transitional Provision

72 Premier and Cabinet

(1) The Leader of Government holding ofﬁce pursuant to section 9 of the Niue Act 1966 (as substituted by section 3 of the Niue Amendment Act 1971) immediately before Constitution Day shall be deemed to have been duly elected under this Consti tution as the Premier of Niue and appointed and sworn in as a Minister under this Constitution.

(2) The other appointed members of the Executive Committee of Niue holding ofﬁce pursuant to section 10 of the Niue Act 1966 (as substituted by section 3 of the Niue Amendment Act 1971) immediately before Constitution Day shall be deemed to have been duly appointed and sworn in under this Constitution as Ministers.

73 Niue Assembly

(1) The elected members of the Niue Island Assembly immedi ately before Constitution Day shall be deemed to have been duly elected and sworn in under this Constitution as members of the Niue Assembly, and, notwithstanding anything in Art icle 16 of this Constitution, the Niue Assembly shall consist, during the period commencing on Constitution Day and end ing at the time of the ﬁrst dissolution of the Assembly there after, of the Speaker and those members.

(2) Until provision is otherwise made by law, the seat of any mem ber of the Niue Assembly to whom Article 19(b) of this Con stitution applies shall not become vacant if—

(a) His interest in the execution or enjoyment of any con tract under which any public money is payable is as a member of the general public or of any section or class of the general public; or

(b) On any occasion when he is present at a meeting of the Niue Assembly, any matter concerning a contract inwhose execution or enjoyment he is interested comes before the Assembly, he discloses his interest to the As sembly and refrains from otherwise speaking and from voting on that matter.

(3) The Speaker of the Niue Island Assembly who is in ofﬁce im mediately before Constitution Day shall be deemed to have been duly elected and sworn in as Speaker of the Niue Assem bly under this Constitution.

(4) Any person becoming a member of the Niue Assembly pur suant to subclause (1) of this Article who has, in the absence of the Speaker of the Niue Island Assembly, presided over any sitting of that Assembly shall, for the purposes of Article 20 of this Constitution, be deemed to be a member of the Niue As sembly who has presided over a meeting of the Assembly.

(5) Notwithstanding anything in Article 22(6) of this Constitution, business may be transacted at any meeting of the Niue Assem bly during the period referred to in subclause (1) of this Article if, but only if, the number of members present is not less than 7.

(6) Any Bill or other business before the Niue Island Assembly immediately before Constitution Day shall not lapse, but shall become a Bill or other business before the Niue Assembly:

Provided that, where any Bill or amendment to a Bill before the Niue Island Assembly pursuant to this subclause has pro ceeded beyond its introduction and is one to which any one or more of Articles 25, 30, 31, 32, and 33 of this Constitution ap plies, the Niue Assembly shall not proceed further upon that Bill or amendment unless the requirements of the applicable Article or Articles have ﬁrst been met.

(7) Subject to this Constitution, the Standing Orders of the Niue Island Assembly in force immediately before Constitution Day shall be the Standing Orders of the Niue Assembly, and they may be amended, repealed, or added to under Article 22(10) of this Constitution.

(8) Until an Act ﬁrst passed pursuant to Article 25 of this Con stitution comes into force, the Niue Civil List Regulations 1972 shall continue in full force and effect and shall be deemed to be repealed on the date on which that Act comes into force.

(9) For the purposes of Article 26(1) of this Constitution, the date of the last preceding general election shall be the date of the last preceding general election of the Niue Island Assembly in being on Constitution Day.

74 The High Court

(1) The High Court of Niue established by Article 37 of this Con stitution is hereby declared to be the same Court as the High Court of Niue established by section 53 of the Niue Act 1966.

(2) The High Court is hereby declared also to be the same Court as every other Court which, under existing law, was deemed to be the same Court as the High Court of Niue established by section 53 of the Niue Act 1966.

(3) All judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the High Court of Niue as established by the said section 53 and of every other Court to which subclause (2) of this Article applies shall con tinue to have full force and effect on and after Constitution Day as judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the High Court established by this Constitution; and all proceedings, civil or criminal, pending in the High Court of Niue immediately be fore Constitution Day may be continued on and after Consti tution Day in the High Court established by this Constitution.

(4) The Judges and Commissioners of the High Court of Niue in ofﬁce immediately before Constitution Day (other than the Resident Commissioner of Niue) shall continue to hold ofﬁce on and after Constitution Day as Judges or Commissioners of the High Court established by this Constitution, as if they had been appointed under this Constitution, and those Judges and Commissioners shall receive the salaries and allowances to which they were entitled immediately before Constitution Day as if those salaries and allowances had been prescribed by enactment pursuant to Article 50 of this Constitution.

75 The Land Court

(1) The Land Court of Niue established by Article 40 of this Con stitution is hereby declared to be the same Court as the Land Court of Niue established by section 335 of the Niue Act 1966.

(2) The Land Court is hereby declared also to be the same Court as every other Court which, under existing law, was deemed to be the same Court as the Land Court of Niue established by the said section 335.

(3) All judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the Land Court of Niue as established by the said section 335 and of every other Court to which subclause (2) of this Article applies shall con tinue to have full force and effect on and after Constitution Day as judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the Land Court es tablished by this Constitution; and all proceedings pending in the Land Court of Niue established by the said section 335 im mediately before Constitution Day may be continued on and after Constitution Day in the Land Court established by this Constitution.

(4) The Judges and Commissioners of the Land Court of Niue (other than the Resident Commissioner) in ofﬁce immediately before Constitution Day shall hold ofﬁce on and after Constitu tion Day as Judges or Commissioners of the Land Court estab lished by this Constitution, as if they had been appointed under this Constitution, and those Judges and Commissioners shall receive the salaries and allowances to which they were entitled immediately before Constitution Day as if those salaries and allowances had been prescribed by enactment pursuant to Art icle 50 of this Constitution.

76 The Land Appellate Court

(1) The Land Appellate Court of Niue established by Article 43 of this Constitution is hereby declared to be the same Court as the Land Appellate Court of Niue established by section 386 of the Niue Act 1966.

(2) The Land Appellate Court is hereby declared also to be the same Court as every other Court which, under existing law, was deemed to be the same Court as the Land Appellate Court of Niue established by the said section 386.

(3) All judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the Land Appel late Court of Niue as established by the said section 386 and of every other Court to which subclause (2) of this Article applies shall continue in full force and effect on and after Constitution Day as judgments, decrees, records, and acts of the Land Ap pellate Court established by this Constitution; and all proceed ings pending in the Land Appellate Court of Niue established by the said section 386 immediately before Constitution Day may be continued on and after Constitution Day in the Land Appellate Court established by this Constitution.

77 Appeals from High Court

(1) In any case in which, immediately before Constitution Day, an appeal to the High Court of New Zealand from any ﬁnal judg ment of the High Court of Niue established by section 53 of the Niue Act 1966 was pending, that appeal may be continued on and after Constitution Day and shall otherwise in all respects be heard and disposed of in accordance with the existing law; and the determination of the High Court on any appeal con tinued pursuant to this subclause shall be transmitted to the Registrar of the High Court by the Registrar of the High Court under the seal of the High Court, and the High Court shall act in respect thereof as if it were a determination of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand transmitted under Article 52 of this Constitution.

(2) In any other case where any ﬁnal judgment of the High Court of Niue established by the said section 53 has been given be fore Constitution Day, the right of appeal from that ﬁnal judg ment shall be governed by the provisions of this Constitution as if that ﬁnal judgment had been a ﬁnal judgment of the High Court of Niue established by Article 37 of this Constitution.The words High Court were substituted, as from 1 April 1980, for the words “Supreme Court” pursuant to section 12 Judicature Amendment Act 1979.

78 Justices of the Peace

(1) Every person holding ofﬁce immediately before Constitution Day as a Justice of the Peace for Niue shall continue in ofﬁce as if he had been appointed to that ofﬁce pursuant to Article 53 of this Constitution.

(2) Subject to Article 53(3) of this Constitution, every such person shall continue to hold ofﬁce during the pleasure of the Cabinet, and shall be paid the remuneration to which he was entitled immediately before Constitution Day as if that remuneration had been prescribed by enactment pursuant to Article 53(4) of this Constitution.

79 Public revenues

(1) The Niue Government Account established by Article 56 of this Constitution is hereby declared to be the same account as the Niue Assembly Account established by section 15 of the Niue Act 1966; and all money in the lastmentioned account immediately before Constitution Day shall on and after Con stitution Day be deemed to form part of the Niue Government Account.

(2) The reference in Article 59(4) of this Constitution to the Ap propriation Act for the preceding ﬁnancial year shall be read as if it included a reference to the Appropriation Ordinance of the Niue Island Assembly for the preceding ﬁnancial year.

80 The Niue Public Service

(1) The Niue Public Service established by Article 62 of this Con stitution is hereby declared to be the same Service as the Niue Public Service constituted by Part 31 of the Niue Act 1966.

(2) Every person who was an employee of the Niue Public Ser vice immediately before Constitution Day shall continue to hold ofﬁce as an employee of the Niue Public Service as if he had been appointed to that position by the Niue Public Ser vice Commission pursuant to Article 69 of this Constitution.

(3) Where any public corporation or other statutory authority or public body has been constituted before Constitution Day under the law of Niue, nothing in Article 62(3) of this Con stitution shall, in the case of any appointment made before Constitution Day of any person as an employee of that public corporation or other statutory authority or public body, be construed as affecting the validity of that appointment, or, in the case of any such appointment made after Constitution Day, be construed as requiring that appointment to be made by the Niue Public Service Commission, except to the extent that, under existing law that appointment was required to be made by the New Zealand State Services Commission.

(4) Where under this Constitution the holder of any ofﬁce is re quired to be an employee of the Niue Public Service, any em ployee of the Niue Public Service holding the corresponding ofﬁce immediately before Constitution Day shall be deemed to be the holder of that ofﬁce; but this provision shall be with out prejudice to the powers and discretions of the Niue Public Service Commission as the employing authority.

81 Seal of Niue

Until the Cabinet approves a different form or forms, the Seal of Niue established by Article 15 of this Constitution shall be in the form or forms approved by the Executive Committee for the Seal of Niue established by section 7 of the Niue Act 1966 (as substituted by section 3 of the Niue Amendment Act 1971).

PART VIII

Interpretation

82 Interpretation

(1) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires,— Act means an Act of the Niue Assembly, as that term is used in Article 34 of this Constitution

Cabinet means the Cabinet of Ministers of Niue established by Article 2 of this Constitution

Chief Justice means the Chief Justice of the High Court of Niue appointed under Article 45 of this Constitution; and in cludes any other Judge of the High Court authorised under Art icle 48 of this Constitution to perform the ofﬁce or exercise any function of the Chief Justice

Clerk of the Cabinet means the Clerk of the Cabinet ap pointed pursuant to Article 14 of this Constitution

Clerk of the Niue Assembly means the Clerk of the Niue Assembly appointed pursuant to Article 27 of this Constitution Constitution means this Constitution; and includes the Act of the Parliament of New Zealand intituled the Niue Constitution Act 1974; and also includes any constitutional amendment, as that term is used in Article 35 of this Constitution, when that constitutional amendment has come into force

Constitution Day means the date on which this Constitution comes into force

Enactment means—

(a) Any Act of the Niue Assembly and any Ordinance; and any regulation, rule, bylaw, or other instrument of a like nature made pursuant to any such Act or Ordinance:

(b) Any Act of the Parliament of New Zealand which ex tends to Niue as part of the law of Niue; and any Order in Council, Proclamation, regulation, rule, ministerial warrant, bylaw, or instrument of a like nature, made pur suant to any Act to which this paragraph applies, if that Order in Council, Proclamation, regulation, rule, ministerial warrant, bylaw, or other instrument extends to Niue as part of the law of Niue:

Existing law means any law in force in Niue immediately be fore Constitution Day; and includes any enactment passed or made before Constitution Day and coming into force on or af ter Constitution Day

High Court means the High Court of Niue established by Art icle 37 of this Constitution

Judge, in relation to the High Court, means any Judge of that Court including the Chief Justice, and, in relation to the Land Court, means any Judge of that Court including the Chief Judge of that Court

Land Appellate Court means the Land Appellate Court of Niue established by Article 43 of this Constitution

Land Court means the Land Court of Niue established by Article 40 of this Constitution.

Law means any law for the time being in force in Niue; and includes this Constitution and any enactment

Member of the Niue Assembly, or Member used in relation to the Niue Assembly, means any person elected as a member of the Assembly pursuant to Article 16 of this Constitution; but does not include the Speaker; and, in any case where the Assembly has been dissolved, shall have the extended mean ing given to that term by subclause (4) of that Article

Minister means a member of the Cabinet; and includes the Premier; and also includes any member of the Niue Assembly appointed as a temporary Minister pursuant to Article 8 of this Constitution

Niue Assembly or Assembly means the Niue Assembly es tablished by Article 16 of this Constitution

Niue Public Service means the Niue Public Service established by Article 62 of this Constitution

Niue Public Service Commission or Commission means the Niue Public Service Commission established by Article 64 of this Constitution

Ordinance means an Ordinance of the Niue Island Assembly or of the Island Council of Niue

Premier means the member of the Niue Assembly elected as Premier pursuant to Article 4 of this Constitution after he has been appointed as a Minister pursuant to Article 5 of this Con stitution; and includes the Minister discharging the functions of Premier pursuant to subclause (1) or subclause (2) of Art icle 9 of this Constitution

Secretary to the Government means the Secretary to the Government of Niue appointed pursuant to Article 63 of this Constitution Speaker means the Speaker of the Niue Assembly elected pur suant to Article 20 of this Constitution; and includes any mem ber of the Niue Assembly performing the functions of Speaker pursuant to that Article.

(2) Where in this Constitution any person is required to subscribe an oath, he shall be permitted, if he so desires, to comply with that requirement by making and subscribing an afﬁrmation, and the form of oath prescribed by this Constitution shall be appropriately modiﬁed accordingly.

(3) Where under this Constitution the holder of any ofﬁce is an employee of the Niue Public Service, any reference to the holder of that ofﬁce shall be construed as including, to the ex tent of his authority, a reference to any other employee of the Niue Public Service for the time being authorised to exercise or perform all or any of the powers, duties, and functions of that ofﬁce.